AN BAYYANA MA'AUNIN WI-FI: 802.11AC, 802.11B/G/N, 802.11A

Wasu daga cikin ƙa'idodin Wi-Fi na kwanan nan sune 802.11n, 802.11ac, da 802.11ax. Waɗannan sunaye na iya rikitar da mai amfani cikin sauƙi. Don haka, sunayen da aka ba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodin ta Wi-Fi Alliance sune - Wi-Fi 4, Wi-Fi 5, da W-Fi 6. Kuna iya lura cewa duk matakan suna da '802.11' a cikinsu.

Menene 802.11?

802.11 ana iya la'akari da shi azaman tushen tushe wanda aka haɓaka duk sauran samfuran mara waya. 802.11 shine farkon WLAN misali. IEEE ne ya ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1997. Yana da kewayon cikin gida mai ƙafa 66 da kewayon waje mai ƙafa 330. 802.11 kayayyakin mara waya ba a yin su saboda ƙarancin bandwidth ɗin sa (da kyar 2 Mbps). Koyaya, an gina wasu ma'auni da yawa a kusa da 802.11.

Yanzu bari mu kalli yadda matakan Wi-Fi suka samo asali tun farkon ƙirƙirar WLAN. Tattaunawa a ƙasa akwai ƙa'idodi daban-daban na Wi-Fi waɗanda suka fito tun 802.11, a cikin tsari na lokaci-lokaci.

1. 802.11b

Kodayake 802.11 shine ma'aunin WLAN na farko, 802.11b ne wanda ya sanya Wi-Fi shahara. Shekaru 2 bayan 802.11, a cikin Satumba 1999, 802.11b ya fito. Yayin da yake amfani da mitar siginar rediyo iri ɗaya na 802.11 (kimanin 2.4 GHz), saurin ya tashi daga 2 Mbps zuwa 11 Mbps. Wannan shi ne har yanzu gudun ka'idar. A aikace, bandwidth da ake tsammani shine 5.9 Mbps (don TCP 7.1Mbps (don UDP ). Ba wai kawai mafi tsufa ba har ma yana da mafi ƙarancin gudu tsakanin duk ma'auni. 802.11b yana da kewayon kusan ƙafa 150.

Yayin da yake aiki a mitar da ba a kayyade ba, sauran kayan aikin gida a kewayon 2.4 GHz (kamar tanda da wayoyi marasa igiya) na iya haifar da tsangwama. An kauce wa wannan matsala ta hanyar shigar da kayan aiki a nesa da na'urorin da za su iya haifar da tsangwama. 802.11b da ma'aunin sa na gaba 802.11a duka an amince dasu a lokaci guda, amma 802.11b ne ya fara fara kasuwa.

2. 802.11a

An halicci 802.11a a lokaci guda da 802.11b. Fasaha guda biyu sun yi rashin jituwa saboda bambancin mitoci. 802.11a ana sarrafa shi a mitar 5GHz wanda ba shi da cunkoso. Don haka, an rage damar tsoma baki. Koyaya, saboda babban mitar, na'urorin 802.11a suna da ƙaramin kewayon kuma siginonin ba za su shiga toshewa cikin sauƙi ba.

802.11a yayi amfani da dabara mai suna Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Maɗaukaki na Orthogonal Multiplexing (OFDM) don ƙirƙirar sigina mara waya. 802.11a kuma yayi alƙawarin haɓaka bandwidth mafi girma - matsakaicin ka'idar 54 Mbps. Kamar yadda na'urorin 802.11a suka fi tsada a lokacin, an taƙaita amfani da su ga aikace-aikacen kasuwanci. 802.11b shine ma'aunin da ya yadu a tsakanin talakawa. Don haka, ya fi shahara fiye da 802.11a.

3.802.11g

An amince da 802.11g a watan Yuni 2003. Ƙididdiga ya yi ƙoƙari don haɗa fa'idodin da aka bayar ta ma'auni biyu na ƙarshe - 802.11a & 802.11b. Don haka, 802.11g ya ba da bandwidth na 802.11a (54 Mbps). Amma ya ba da mafi girman kewayo ta aiki a mitar 802.11b (2.4 GHz). Yayin da ma'auni biyu na ƙarshe ba su dace da juna ba, 802.11g yana dacewa da baya tare da 802.11b. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya amfani da adaftar cibiyar sadarwa mara waya ta 802.11b tare da wuraren samun damar 802.11g.

Wannan shine ma'auni mafi ƙarancin tsada wanda har yanzu ake amfani dashi. Duk da yake yana ba da tallafi don kusan duk na'urorin mara waya da ake amfani da su a yau, yana da hasara. Idan akwai na'urorin 802.11b da aka haɗa, duk hanyar sadarwar tana raguwa don dacewa da saurinsa. Don haka, baya ga kasancewa mafi daɗaɗɗen ma'auni da ake amfani da shi, shi ma ya fi jinkirin.

Wannan ma'aunin ya kasance mahimmiyar tsalle-tsalle zuwa ingantacciyar gudu da ɗaukar hoto. Wannan shine lokacin da masu amfani suka bayyana jin daɗinsu hanyoyin sadarwa tare da mafi kyawun ɗaukar hoto fiye da matakan da suka gabata.

4. 802.11n

Hakanan ana kiranta Wi-Fi 4 ta Wi-Fi Alliance, an amince da wannan ma'auni a cikin Oktoba 2009. Shine ma'auni na farko da yayi amfani da fasahar MIMO. MIMO tana nufin Ƙirar Maɗaukaki Mai Mahimmanci . A cikin wannan tsari, yawancin masu watsawa da masu karɓa suna aiki ko dai a gefe ɗaya ko ma a ƙarshen mahaɗin. Wannan babban ci gaba ne saboda ba za ku ƙara dogaro da mafi girman bandwidth ko watsa iko don haɓaka bayanai ba.

Tare da 802.11n, Wi-Fi ya zama mafi sauri kuma mafi aminci. Wataƙila kun ji kalmar dual-band daga masu siyar da LAN. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana isar da bayanai a kan mitoci 2. 802.11n yana aiki a mitoci 2 - 2.45 GHz da 5 GHz. 802.11n yana da bandwidth na ka'idar 300 Mbps. An yi imanin cewa gudun zai iya kaiwa ko da 450 Mbps idan an yi amfani da eriya 3. Saboda sigina na babban ƙarfi, na'urorin 802.11n suna samar da mafi girman kewayon idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suke a baya. 802.11 yana ba da tallafi ga na'urorin cibiyar sadarwar mara waya da yawa. Koyaya, ya fi tsada fiye da 802.11g. Hakanan, lokacin amfani da kewayon kusa tare da cibiyoyin sadarwar 802.11b/g, ana iya samun tsangwama saboda amfani da sigina da yawa.

Karanta kuma: Menene Wi-Fi 6 (802.11 ax)?

5.802.11ac

An sake shi a cikin 2014, wannan shine mafi yawan ma'auni da ake amfani da su a yau. An ba 802.11ac sunan Wi-Fi 5 ta Wi-Fi Alliance. Masu ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na gida a yau sun dace da Wi-Fi 5 kuma suna aiki a mitar 5GHz. Yana amfani da MIMO, wanda ke nufin akwai eriya da yawa akan aikawa da karɓar na'urori. Akwai raguwar kuskure da babban gudu. Kwarewar a nan ita ce, ana amfani da MIMO mai yawan amfani. Wannan ya sa ya fi dacewa. A cikin MIMO, ana karkata rafuka da yawa zuwa abokin ciniki guda. A cikin MU-MIMO, ana iya jagorantar rafukan sararin samaniya zuwa abokan ciniki da yawa a lokaci guda. Wannan bazai ƙara saurin abokin ciniki ɗaya ba. Amma jimillar bayanan hanyar sadarwar yana ƙaruwa sosai.

Ma'auni yana goyan bayan haɗe-haɗe da yawa akan duka mitar mitar da yake aiki - 2.5 GHz da 5 GHz. 802.11g yana goyan bayan rafukan guda huɗu yayin da wannan ma'aunin yana tallafawa har zuwa rafukan 8 daban-daban lokacin da yake aiki a cikin rukunin mitar GHz 5.

802.11ac yana aiwatar da fasaha mai suna beamforming. Anan, eriya suna watsa siginar rediyo kamar yadda ake bi da su zuwa takamaiman na'ura. Wannan ma'aunin yana goyan bayan ƙimar bayanai har zuwa 3.4 Gbps. Wannan shine karo na farko da saurin bayanai ya tashi zuwa gigabytes. bandwidth da aka bayar yana kusa da 1300 Mbps a cikin rukunin 5 GHz da 450 Mbps a cikin rukunin 2.4 GHz.

Ma'auni yana ba da mafi kyawun kewayon sigina da sauri. Ayyukansa yana daidai da daidaitattun hanyoyin haɗin waya. Koyaya, ana iya ganin haɓakar aikin a cikin aikace-aikacen bandwidth mai girma kawai. Hakanan, shine ma'auni mafi tsada don aiwatarwa.

Sauran matakan Wi-Fi

1. 802.11 ad

An fitar da mizanin a watan Disamba 2012. Ma'auni ne mai saurin gaske. Yana aiki a saurin 6.7 Gbps mara imani. Yana aiki a 60 GHz mitar band. Lalacewar ita ce ɗan gajeren zangonsa. Ana iya samun saurin da aka ce kawai lokacin da na'urar take a cikin radius ƙafa 11 daga wurin shiga.

2.802.11ah

802.11ah kuma ana kiranta Wi-Fi HaLow. An amince da shi a cikin Satumba 2016 kuma an sake shi a watan Mayu 2017. Manufar ita ce samar da ma'auni mara waya wanda ke nuna rashin amfani da makamashi. Ana nufin cibiyoyin sadarwar Wi-Fi waɗanda suka wuce abin da aka saba amfani da su na 2.4 GHz da 5 GHz (musamman waɗancan cibiyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ke aiki ƙasa da band ɗin 1 GH). A cikin wannan ma'auni, saurin bayanai na iya zuwa 347 Mbps. Ma'aunin yana nufin na'urori masu ƙarancin ƙarfi kamar na'urorin IoT. Tare da 802.11ah, sadarwa a cikin dogon jeri ba tare da cin makamashi mai yawa ba yana yiwuwa. An yi imanin cewa mizanin zai yi gogayya da fasahar Bluetooth.

3. 802.11 aj

Sigar 802.11ad da aka ɗan gyara ce. Ana nufin amfani dashi a yankunan da ke aiki a cikin rukunin 59-64 GHz (musamman China). Don haka, ma'aunin yana da wani suna - China Millimeter Wave. Yana aiki a cikin rukunin GHz 45 na China amma yana dacewa da baya tare da 802.11ad.

4. 802.11ak

802.11ak yana nufin samar da taimako tare da haɗin kai a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na 802.1q, zuwa na'urorin da ke da damar 802.11. A cikin Nuwamba 2018, ma'aunin yana da matsayi na daftarin aiki. Ana nufin don nishaɗin gida da sauran samfuran tare da damar 802.11 da aikin 802.3 ethernet.

5. 802.11 tayi

Ma'aunin 802.11ad yana da kayan aiki na 7 Gbps. 802.11ay, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙarni na gaba na 60GHz, yana da nufin cimma abubuwan samarwa har zuwa 20 Gbps a cikin rukunin mitar 60GHz. Ƙarin maƙasudai sune - ƙara yawan kewayo da aminci.

6.802.11ax

Wanda aka fi sani da Wi-Fi 6, wannan zai zama magajin Wi-Fi 5. Yana da fa'idodi da yawa akan Wi-Fi 5, kamar ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali a wuraren cunkoson jama'a, saurin gudu koda an haɗa na'urori da yawa, mafi kyawun haske, da sauransu. … Yana da babban inganci WLAN. Ana tsammanin zai samar da kyakkyawan aiki a yankuna masu yawa kamar filayen jirgin sama. Ƙididdigan saurin da aka ƙididdige shi ne aƙalla sau 4 fiye da na yanzu a cikin Wi-Fi 5. Yana aiki a cikin bakan - 2.4 GHz da 5 GHz. Tun da yake kuma yayi alƙawarin ingantaccen tsaro kuma yana cin ƙarancin wuta, duk na'urorin mara waya na gaba za a kera su kamar yadda Wi-Fi 6 suka yarda.

An ba da shawarar: Menene Bambancin Tsakanin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da modem?

Takaitawa

Ma'aunin Wi-Fi saitin ƙayyadaddun bayanai ne don haɗin kai mara waya.
IEEE ne ya gabatar da waɗannan ka'idoji kuma Wi-Fi Alliance ta ba da izini kuma ta amince da su.
Yawancin masu amfani ba su san waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba saboda ruɗewar tsarin sanya suna da IEEE ta ɗauka.
Don sauƙaƙe sauƙi ga masu amfani, Wi-Fi Alliance ta sake yin baftisma wasu ƙa'idodin Wi-Fi da aka saba amfani da su tare da sunaye masu amfani.
Tare da kowane sabon ma'auni, akwai ƙarin fasali, mafi kyawun saurin gudu, tsayi mai tsayi, da sauransu.
Ma'aunin Wi-Fi da aka fi amfani dashi a yau shine Wi-Fi 5.

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An Bayyana Ma'aunin Wi-Fi: 802.11ac, 802.11b/g/n, 802.11a